This page provides the list, which is far from complete, of papers, reports and other published information about Persian leopards. The literature is grouped for captivity; international, regional and transboundary scopes; and for each range country in alphabetical order. Most of the literature listed below contains pdf files for free download. For copyright reasons, pdf files of some publications are not available for free download and only web links to original publications are provided. Their pdf files are available upon request if you contact us. 

Captivity

Diez Bernal S. et al. 2019. Acute hyperkalaemia in a captive Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) immobilised with a ketamine-medetomidine combination. Veterinary Record Case Reports 7, e000755 (link here)

Ferreira J.D. and Sliwa A. 2017. Persian leopard semen collection at Tehran Zoo. Cat News 65, 26 (download here)

Ferreira J.D. et al. 2015. The Persian leopard EEP and the collaboration with the Sochi Leopard Rehabilitation and Breeding Centre. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 143 (download here)

Houssaye F. and Budd J. 2009. EAZA husbandry guidelines for the leopard Panthera pardus spp. 1st edition (download here)

Nolasco S. and Ferreira J.D. 2014. International studbook for the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Lisbon, Lisbon Zoo (download here)

Quilicot A.M.M. 2009. Inbreeding and its effect on fitness traits in captive populations of North Persian leopard and Mhorr gazelle. MSc thesis. Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (download here)

Raffel M. 2006. EEP report and regional studbook of Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Münster, Allwetterzoo (download here)

Semenov U.A. 2021. Role of environmental enrichment elements in enclosures when preparing leopards (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) to living independently in the natural environment. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 64-65 (in English and Russian, download here)

Semenov U.A. 2021. Main principles and stages of preparing leopards (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) to living independently in the natural environment. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 66-67 (in English and Russian, download here)

Shoemaker A. 1983. Population dynamics of pedigree leopards, Panthera pardus spp, in captivity. Zoo Biology 2, 79-91 (download here)

Shoemaker A. 1985. 1983 Studbook for rare leopards, Panthera pardus spp. Zoo Biology 4, 169-196 (download here)

Shoemaker A. et al. 1984. An analysis of inbreeding within leopards in captivity. Der Zoologische Garten N.F. Jena 54, 401-411 (download here)

Sliwa A. 2015. Managed ex-situ populations of felids in the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) for possible reintroduction. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 141 (download here)

Yachmennikova A. and Rozhnov V.V. 2011. Estimating changes in intensity of social behavior of captive Persian leopards (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica). Proceedings of the International Conference “Biological Diversity and Conservation Problems of the Fauna of the Caucasus”, 26-29 Sep 2011, Yerevan, p. 358-363 (in Russian, download here)

Yachmennikova A. and Rozhnov V.V. 2011. Effects of social enrichment on enclosure space use by Persian leopards (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica). Proceedings of the Conference “Technologies of Rare Species Conservation”, 21-23 Nov 2011, Moscow, p. 64 (in Russian, download here)

Yachmennikova A. and Rozhnov V.V. 2015. Social enrichment of environment and use of open-air cage space by Persian leopards (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 81 (download here)

Yachmennikova A. and Rozhnov V.V. 2015. An essay in evaluation of Persian leopard’s (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) social behaviour in captivity. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 83 (download here)

International, regional and transboundary

Askerov E. et al. 2015. South-eastern Lesser Caucasus: the most important landscape for conserving the leopard (Panthera pardus) in the Caucasus region (Mammalia: Felidae). Zoology in the Middle East 61, 95-101 (link here)

Askerov E. et al. 2019. Leopard (Panthera pardus) reoccupying its historic range in the South Caucasus: a first evidence (Mammalia: Felidae). Zoology in the Middle East 65, 88-90 (link here)

Askerov E. et al. 2020. Status of large carnivores in the Caucasus. In: Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasus, 2020 edition: supplementary reports (eds. Zazanashvili N. et al.), pp. 36-45. Tbilisi, WWF, KfW (download here, link here)

Avgan B. et al. 2016. Do recent leopard Panthera pardus records from northern Iraq and south-eastern Turkey reveal an unknown population nucleus in the region? Zoology in the Middle East 62, 95-104 (link here). The correction to this paper is inserted in the end of the paper

Bleyhl B. et al. 2017. Assessing landscape connectivity for large mammals in the Caucasus using Landsat 8 seasonal image composites. Remote Sensing of Environment 193, 193-203 (link here)

Bleyhl B. et al. 2021. Reducing persecution is more effective for restoring large carnivores than restoring their prey. Ecological Applications 31, e02338 (download here)

Bobrinsky N.A. 1932. Wild cats of the USSR. Moscow, Leningrad, Vneshtorgizdat (in Russian, download here) 

Bragin A.P. 1989. A short review on the status of the leopard, Panthera pardus ciscaucasica (saxicolor), in the southwest USSR. International Leopard Studbook 1989, 11-12 (download here)

Bragin A.P. 1991. Leopard in the southwest USSR. Cat News 15, 8 (download here)

Breitenmoser U. et al. 2007. Strategic Planning Workshop on Leopard Conservation in the Caucasus, 30 May-1 Jun 2007, Tbilisi. Facilitators’ report (download here)

Breitenmoser U. et al. 2010. Leopard conservation in the Caucasus. Cat News 53, 39 (download here)

Breitenmoser U. et al. 2014. International Experts Workshop “Conservation of the Leopard in the Caucasus”, 9-10 Oct 2014, Tbilisi. Workshop report (download here)

Breitenmoser U. et al. 2017. Transboundary leopard conservation in the Lesser Caucasus and the Alborz Range. Cat News 65, 24-25 (download here)

Cat News Special Issue 2. 2007. Status and conservation of the leopard in the Caucasus (download here, link here)

Cat News Special Issue 15. 2022. The Persian leopard (download here, link here)

Caucasus leopard conservation questionnaire. 2014. Caucasus Leopard Workshop, Tbilisi, 9-10 Oct 2014 (download here)

Caucasus Leopard Working Group. 2011. Monitoring for the conservation of the leopard in the Caucasus Ecoregion. Workshop report. Tbilisi, WWF Caucasus Programme Office and IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group (download here)

Dinnik N.Ya. 1914. The mammals of the Caucasus. Parts 1-2. Cetaceans, ungulates and carnivores. Tiflis, K.P. Kozlovsky’s Press (in Russian, download here)

Farhadinia M.S. et al. 2015. Capturing an old problem Persian leopard close to the Iran-Turkmenistan border. Cat News 62, 29-31 (download here)

Farhadinia M.S. et al. 2017. GPS collars reveal transboundary movements by Persian leopards in Iran. Cat News 65, 28-30 (download here)

Farhadinia M.S. et al. 2018. Anchoring and adjusting amidst humans: ranging behavior of Persian leopards along the Iran-Turkmenistan borderland. PLoS One 13, e0196602 (download here)

Farhadinia M.S. et al. 2018. Persian leopard predation patterns and kill rates in the Iran-Turkmenistan borderland. Journal of Mammalogy 99, 713-723 (download here)

Farhadinia M.S. et al. 2019. Belt and Road Initiative may create new supplies for illegal wildlife trade in large carnivores. Nature Ecology and Evolution 3, 1267-1268 (link here)

Farhadinia M.S. et al. 2021. Big cats in borderlands: challenges and implications for transboundary conservation of Asian leopards. Oryx 55, 452-460 (download here)

Gavashelishvili A. and Lukarevskiy V. 2008. Modelling the habitat requirements of leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 579-588 (download here)

Heptner V.G. and Sludsky A.A. 1972. The mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2. Carnivores (hyenas and cats). Moscow, Vysshaya shkola (in Russian, download here)

Hosseini M. et al. 2019. Landscape connectivity for mammalian megafauna along the Iran-Turkmenistan-Afghanistan borderland. Journal for Nature Conservation 52, 125735  (download here)

Jacobson A.P. et al. 2016. Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range. PeerJ 4, e1974 (download here)

Kaboodvandpour S. et al. 2021. Habitat suitability and connectivity implications for the conservation of the Persian leopard along the Iran-Iraq border. Ecology and Evolution 11, 13464-13474 (download here)

Khorozyan I. 2014. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism of the common leopard (Panthera pardus) in the Middle East and their implications for species taxonomy and conservation. Mammalian Biology 79, 398-405 (link here)

Khorozyan I.G. and Abramov A.V. 2007. The leopard Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae) and its resilience to human pressure in the Caucasus. Zoology in the Middle East 41, 11-24 (link here)

Khorozyan I. et al. 2006. Taxonomic status of the leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas. Russian Journal of Theriology 5, 41-52 (download here)

Khorozyan I. et al. 2007. Taxonomic status of the leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas. Proceedings of the International Conference “The Mammalian Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Areas”, 31 Jan-2 Feb 2007, Moscow, p. 527 (in Russian, download here)

Lukarevsky V. et al. 2004. Condition of the leopard population in the Caucasus. Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung 29, 303-319 (download here)

Lydekker R. 1899. On the leopard of the Caucasus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 795-796 (download here)

Maharramova E. et al. 2018. Transboundary leopard movement between Azerbaijan and Iran in the Southern Caucasus. Cat News 67, 8-10 (download here)

Mitchell C. et al. 2024. Leopard subspecies conservation under climate and land-use change. Ecology and Evolution 14, e11391 (download here)

Ognev S.I. 1935. The mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries. Vol. III. Carnivores and pinnipeds. Moscow, Leningrad, State Publishers of Biological and Medical Literature (in Russian, download here)

Pocock R.I. 1930. The panthers and ounces of Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 34, 63-82 (download here)

Radde G.I. 1899. Collections of the Caucasian Museum. Vol. 1. Zoology. Tiflis, Civil Commander Chancellery Press (in Russian, download here)

Satunin K.A. 1909. On systematics of family Felidae. Izvestiya Kavkazskogo muzeya 4, 218-237 (in Russian, download here)

Satunin K.A. 1914. A key to the mammals of the Russian Empire. Tiflis, Imperial Governor in the Caucasus Press (in Russian, download here)

Satunin K.A. 1915. The mammals of the Caucasus region. Vol. 1. Chiroptera, Insectivora and Carnivora. Tiflis, Imperial Governor in the Caucasus Press (in Russian, download here)

Sludsky A.A. 1973. Distribution and population size of wild cats in the USSR. Trudy Instituta zoologii AN KazSSR 34, 5-106 (in Russian, download here)

Smirnov N.A. 1922. Felidae (Mammalia) of the Caucasus and adjacent countries from collections of the Caucasian Museum. Baku, Azpoligraftrest (in Russian, download here)

Sorokin P.A. 2014. Methods of assessing the genetic diversity of threatened big cats of Eurasia. Proceedings of the International Conference “Biological Diversity and Conservation Problems of the Fauna of the Caucasus - 2”, 23-26 Sep 2014, Yerevan, pp. 357-360 (in Russian, download here)

Sorokin P.A. et al. 2011. Genetic closeness of Persian leopard (Panthera pardus L., 1758) populations in the Caucasus Ecoregion (an analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA). Proceedings of the International Conference “Biological Diversity and Conservation Problems of the Fauna of the Caucasus”, 26-29 Sep 2011, Yerevan, pp. 285-287 (in Russian, download here)

Sorokin P.A. et al. 2015. Genetic testing of rehabilitating animals: needs for subspecies and population determination. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 63 (download here)

Vereschagin N.K. 1947. The game animals of the Caucasus. Baku, AzSSR Academy of Sciences Press (in Russian, download here)

Vereschagin N.K. 1967. The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations (download here)

Afghanistan

Aitchison J.E.T. 1889. The zoology of the Afghan Delimitation Commission. Transactions of the Linnean Society London 5, 53-142 (download here)

Habibi K. 1977. The mammals of Afghanistan. Their distribution and status. Report for UNDP, FAO and Ministry of Agriculture. Kabul (download here)

Habibi K. 1982. Afghanistan. III. Fauna. In: Encyclopaedia Iranica (ed. Yarshater E.), pp. 492-495. Online edition (download here, link here)

Habibi K. 2003. Mammals of Afghanistan. Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, India (download here)

Johnson M.F. and Wingard J.R. 2010. Wild fauna trade in Afghanistan. Report for Wildlife Conservation Society. Kabul (download here)

Karlstetter M. 2008. Wildlife surveys and wildlife conservation in Nuristan, Afghanistan. Report. Kabul, Wildlife Conservation Society/UN Agency for International Development, Afghanistan Biodiversity Conservation Program (download here)

Kretser H.E. et al. 2012. Wildlife trade products available to U.S. military personnel serving abroad. Biodiversity and Conservation 21, 967-980 (link here)

Manati A.R. 2008. Der Handel mit Fellen von Großkatzen und die Abklärung der Unterartenfrage beim Leoparden in Afghanistan. PhD Dissertation. Köln, Universität zu Köln (in German, download here)

Manati A.R. 2009. The trade in leopard and snow leopard skins in Afghanistan. TRAFFIC Bulletin 22, 57-58 (download here)

Manati A.R. 2012. Unterartenfrage Persischer Leoparden deklärt. Der Zoologische Garten N.F. 81, 1-13 (in German, link here) 

Mishra C. and Fitzherbert A. 2004. War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. Oryx 38, 102-105 (download here)

Moheb Z. and Bradfield D. 2014. Status of the common leopard in Afghanistan. Cat News 61, 15-16 (download here)

Smallwood P. et al. 2011. Wildlife conservation… in Afghanistan? BioScience 61, 506-511 (download here)

Stevens K. et al. 2011. Large mammals surviving conflict in the eastern forests of Afghanistan. Oryx 45, 265-271 (download here)

Armenia

Aghajanyan F.S. 1986. An analysis of dynamics of carnivore abundance in the Armenian SSR. Zoologicheskii sbornik Instituta zoologii AN ArmSSR 20, 150-161 (in Russian, download here)

Airumyan K.A. and Gasparyan K.M. 1976. Rare ungulates and carnivores of Armenia. In: Rare mammals of the fauna of the USSR (ed. Sokolov V.E.), pp. 35-42. Moscow, Nauka (in Russian, download here)

Ananian V. and Malkhasyan A. 2024. Persian leopard monitoring in Armenia. Presentation at WWF and Humboldt University of Berlin Working Group Meeting, 20 Feb 2024, Tbilisi (download here)

Anonymous. 2007. A leopard identification method. Priroda 12, 76 (in Russian, download here)

Dahl S.K. 1944. The vertebrates of the Saraibulag Ridge. Zoologicheskii sbornik Instituta zoologii AN ArmSSR 3, 5-46 (in Russian, download here)

Dahl S.K. 1953. A review of the vertebrates of the Bargushat and Meghri mountain ranges. Zoologicheskii sbornik Instituta zoologii AN ArmSSR 8, 5-65 (in Russian, download here)

Dahl S.K. 1954. The fauna of the Armenian SSR. Yerevan, ArmSSR Academy of Sciences Press (in Russian, download here)

Gasparyan K.M. and Aghajanyan F.S. 1974. On the leopard in Armenia. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii 27, 84-87 (in Russian, download here)

Ghasabyan M.G. 2001. The mammalian carnivores of Armenia. PhD dissertation. Yerevan, Institute of Zoology NAS RA (in Russian, download here)

Ghasabyan M.G. 1998. The Persian leopard Panthera pardus tulliana in Khosrov Reserve. Proceedings of the Republican Scientific Conference on Zoology, 15-15 May 1998, Yerevan, pp. 61-62 (in Russian, download here)

Khorozyan I. 1999. The leopard in Armenia: which subspecies is it? Cat News 30, 22-23 (download here)

Khorozyan I. 1999. Leopard records in Armenia in the 1990s. Cat News 31, 13-14 (download here)

Khorozyan I. 2000. Leopard in Armenia's Khosrov Reserve: spots, rosettes and population genetic status. Cat News 33, 16-18 (download here)

Khorozyan I. 2001. Human attitudes to leopards in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia. Cat News 34, 14-17 (download here)

Khorozyan I. 2003. Habitat preferences by the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Armenia. Zoology in the Middle East 30, 25-36 (link here)

Khorozyan I. 2008. The leopard of Armenia. Caucasus Environment March 2008, 45-50 (in English and Russian, download here)

Khorozyan I. and Abramov A.V. 2005. The spatial structure and conservation of the Persian leopard population in Armenia. Proceedings of the International Conference “Mammals of the Mountain Areas”, 4-9 Sep 2005, Nalchik, pp. 199-202 (in Russian, download here)

Khorozyan I. and Abramov A.V. 2006. The structure of the leopard range in Armenia. Proceedings of the International Conference “Issues of Animal Population Ecology”, 19-22 Sep 2006, Tomsk, p. 528 (in Russian, download here)

Khorozyan I.G. and Abramov A.V. 2006. Space as a viability factor of the leopard (Panthera pardus) population in Armenia. Proceedings of the 10th Puschino Conference of Young Scientists “Biology – the Science of the 21st Century”, 17-21 Apr 2006, Puschino, p. 331 (in Russian, download here)

Khorozyan I.G. and Cazon A. 2005. Identifying and differentiating the leopard in Armenia by determination of bile acids in scats. Libro de Resúmenes XX Jornadas Argentinas de Mastozoologia, 8-11 Nov 2005, Buenos Aires, p. 79 (download here)

Khorozyan I. and Malkhasyan A. 2002. Ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia: implications for conservation. Scientific Reports of the Zoological Society "La Torbiera" 6, 5-41 (download here)

Khorozyan I. and Malkhasyan A. 2005. Persian leopard photographed in Armenia. Cat News 43, 13 (download here)

Khorozyan I. and Malkhasyan A. 2005. Research and conservation of the Persian leopard in Armenia. Russian Conservation News 39, 37-38 (download here)

Khorozyan I. et al. 2003. Persian leopard in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia: ecology and conservation. Cat News 39, 10-13 (download here) 

Khorozyan I. et al. 2005. The Persian leopard prowls its way to survival. Endangered Species Update 22, 51-60 (download here)

Khorozyan I. et al. 2007. Using thin-layer chromatography of fecal bile acids to study the leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) population. Biology Bulletin 34, 361-366 (download here)

Khorozyan I. et al. 2008. Presence-absence surveys of prey and their use in predicting leopard (Panthera pardus) densities: a case study from Armenia. Integrative Zoology 3, 322-332 (download here)

Khorozyan I. et al. 2010. Using geographical mapping and occupancy modeling to study the distribution of the critically endangered leopard (Panthera pardus) population in Armenia. In: Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation (eds. Cushman S.A. and Huettmann F.), pp. 331-347. Tokyo, Springer (link here)

Red Data Book of Animals of the Republic of Armenia. 2010. Invertebrates and vertebrates. 2nd edition. Yerevan, Ministry of Nature Protection (download here)

Azerbaijan

Alekperov A.M. 1947. New data on the Anatolian leopard (Pardus pardus tullianus Valenc.). Doklady AN AzSSR 3, 126-128 (in Russian, download here)

Alekperov H.M. 1966. The mammals of south-western Azerbaijan. Baku, AzSSR Academy of Sciences Press (in Russian, download here)

Aliev F.F. and Nasibov S.B. 1966. Materials on geographical distribution of wild cats in Azerbaijan. Proceedings of the 4th Inter-University Zoogeographical Conference, 26-30 Sep 1966, Odessa, p. 14-16 (in Russian, download here)

Askerov E. 2002. Novel data about leopard (Panthera pardus L.) in Azerbaijan and the measures for its conservation. Bilgi 3, 69-72 (in Russian, download here)

Askerov E. et al. 2021. Estimating densities of leopard (Panthera pardus) prey and competitor species in Hirkan National Park (Azerbaijan). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 100, 947-955 (in Russian, download here)

Avgan B. et al. 2012. First hard evidence of leopard in Nakhchivan. Cat News 57, 33 (download here)

Breitenmoser U. et al. 2014. Recovery of the leopard in Azerbaijan. London, Zoological Society of London (download here)

Burchak-Abramovich N.O. and Jafarov R.D. 1949. Leopard (Panthera pardus tullianus Valens.) on Apsheron Peninsula. Trudy estestvenno-istoricheskogo muzeya im. G. Zardabi 3, 86-103 (in Russian, download here)

Gadjiev D.V. and Nasibov S.B. 1979. Wild cats of Azerbaijan. In: Ecological basis for conservation and rational use of mammalian carnivores (ed. Sokolov V.E.), pp. 251-253. Moscow, Nauka (in Russian, download here)

Gadjiev D.V. and Rakhmatulina I.K. 2000. The fauna of Azerbaijan. Vol. III. Vertebrates. Baku, Elm (in Russian, download here)

Jafarov D. 1946. Leopard (Felis pardus L.) on Apsheron. Izvestiya AN AzSSR, otdelenie geologo-khimicheskikh nauk i nefti 2, 106-107 (in Russian, download here)

Kuliev S.M. and Askerov E.K. 2012. Recent status of the Red Data Book species of mammalian carnivores and herbivores in Azerbaijan. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta 2, 51-56 (in Russian, download here)

Mamedov Y. and Karayev A. 2001. Cats in Azerbaijan. Cat News 34, 30-31 (download here)

Red Data Book of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2013. Fauna. 2nd edition. Baku, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and Institute of Zoology (in Azerbaijani, download here)

Red Data Book of the Republic of Nakhchyvan. 2006. Vol. 1. Vertebrates. Nakhchyvan, Institute of Bioresources and Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (in Azerbaijani, download here)

Satunin K.A. 1905. The mammals of Talysh and Mughan. Izvestiya Kavkazskogo muzeya 2, 87-402 (in Russian, download here)

Spassov N. et al. 2019. New data on the occurrence of Panthera pardus in the Talysh Mountains, Azerbaijan (Carnivora: Felidae). Lynx 50, 113-118 (download here)

Vereschagin N.K. 1942. The catalogue of the mammals of Azerbaijan. Baku, Azerbaijani Branch of the Academy of Sciences (in Russian, download here)

Georgia

Anonymous. 2004. Leopard spotted in Georgia. Cat News 40, 10-11 (download here)

Arabuli A.B. 2006. On distribution of the leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) in the South Caucasus, within Georgia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 85, 910-912 (in Russian, download here)

Bukhnikashvili A. and Kandaurov A. 2002. The annotated list of mammals of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology 21, 319-340 (download here)

Eliava I. et al. 2007. New data on animal diversity of Georgia. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 175, 115-119 (download here)

Lortkipanidze B. et al. 2004. Leopard in Georgia (new evidence). Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology 22, 325-328 (in Georgian, with English summary, download here)

Melkadze N. et al. 2009. Catalogue of the type specimens of Caucasian large mammalian fauna in the collection of the National Museum of Georgia. Georgian National Museum (download here)

Red List of Georgia. 2 May 2006. Decree N 303 of the President of Georgia. Tbilisi. (download here)

Iran

Abdoli A. 2008. First evidence of Persian leopard from Khaeez area, southern Iran. Cat News 48, 17 (download here) 

Abdollahi S. 2015. Modeling habitat requirements of leopard (Panthera pardus) using genetic algorithm in Golestan National Park. Environmental Resources Research 3, 151-161 (download here)

Ahmadi M. et al. 2020. Species and space: a combined gap analysis to guide management planning of conservation areas. Landscape Ecology 35, 1505-1517 (link here)

Almasieh K. et al. 2023. An ensemble modeling approach to predict spatial risk patches of the Persian leopard-livestock conflicts in Lorestan Province, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30, 93002-93013 (link here)

Ardani P. et al. 2023. Individual identification of Panthera pardus saxicolor using non-invasive sampling and molecular techniques in Iran: a case study in Parvar Protected Area. Mammal Study 48, 59-68 (link here)

Ashayeri S. and Newing H. 2012. Meat, markets, pleasure and revenge: multiple motivations for hunting in Bamu National Park, Fars Province, Iran. Parks 18.1, 125-133 (download here)

Ashrafzadeh M.R. et al. 2019. Modeling the response of an endangered flagship predator to climate change in Iran. Mammal Research 64, 39-51 (link here)

Ashrafzadeh M.R. et al. 2020. A multi-scale, multi-species approach for assessing effectiveness of habitat and connectivity conservation for endangered felids. Biological Conservation 245, 108523 (link here)

Babrgir S. et al. 2017. Socio-economic consequences of cattle predation by the endangered Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor in a Caucasian conflict hotspot, northern Iran. Oryx 51, 124-130 (download here) 

Behmanesh M. et al. 2019. Patterns and determinants of human-carnivore conflicts in Central Iran: realities and perceptions behind the conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 24, 14-30 (link here)

Iraq/Kurdistan

Ahmed S.H. and Majeed S.I. 2023. Population estimate and conservation status of the Persian leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana, in the Bamo and Khoshk Mountains in Kurdistan Region, northern Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East 69, 79-86 (link here)

Harrison D.L. and Bates P.J.J. 1991. The mammals of Arabia. 2nd edition. Sevenoaks, Harrison Zoological Museum (download here)

Horeni N. et al. 2022. The first record of a female Persian leopard from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Cat News 76, 24-28 (download here)

Horeni N. et al. 2022. The first reproduction record of the Persian leopard from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Cat News 76, 28-29 (download here)

Majeed K.A. et al. 2023. Predicting the geographical distribution of the Persian leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana, a rare and endangered species. Journal for Nature Conservation 76, 126505 (link here)

Nature Iraq and Iraq Ministry of Environment. 2011. Key Biodiversity Area 2010 survey. Sulaimaniyah and Baghdad (download here)

Raza H.A. et al. 2012. First photographic record of the Persian leopard in Kurdistan, northern Iraq. Cat News 56, 34-35 (download here)

Kazakhstan

Pestov M.V. et al. 2019. First camera trap record of Persian leopard in Ustyurt State Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan. Cat News 69, 14-16 (download here)

Pestov M.V. et al. 2023. The project on research and conservation of the Persian leopard Panthera pardus tulliana in Kazakhstan in 2023-2025: first results and perspectives. Selevinia 31, 176-190 (in Russian, download here)

Shakula V. 2004. First record of leopard in Kazakhstan. Cat News 41, 11-12 (download here)

Yamaguchi N. 2001. Wild cats in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Cat News 35, 22-24 (download here)

Pakistan

Akrim F. et al. 2021. Livestock depredations by leopards in Pir Lasura National Park, Pakistan: characteristics, control and costs. Wildlife Biology 2021, wlb.00782 (download here)

Asad M. et al. 2019. Assessing subspecies status of leopards (Panthera pardus) of northern Pakistan using mitochondrial DNA. PeerJ 7, e7243 (download here)

Dar N.I. et al. 2009. Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human-carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan. Biological Conservation 142, 2076-2082 (link here)

Hussain A. et al. 2019. Depleting wild prey compels common leopard (Panthera pardus) to sustain on livestock. Animal Biology 69, 213-230 (link here)

Kabir M. et al. 2014. Assessment of human-leopard conflict in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60, 291-296 (link here)

Khan U. et al. 2018. Predator, prey and humans in a mountainous area: loss of biological diversity leads to trouble. Biodiversity and Conservation 27, 2795-2813 (link here)

Khan U. et al. 2020. A large carnivore among people and livestock: the common leopard. In: Problematic wildlife II. New conservation and management challenges in the human-wildlife interactions (eds. Angelici F.M. and Rossi L.), pp. 93-110. Cham, Springer Switzeland AG (link here)

Lodhi A. 2007. Conservation of leopards in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. MSc thesis. Missoula, University of Montana (download here) 

Shehzad W. et al. 2015. Forest without prey: livestock sustain a leopard Panthera pardus population in Pakistan. Oryx 49, 248-253 (link here)

Russia

A Caucasian leopard photographed in Daghestan. 22 Mar 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A female leopard died in the Caucasus. 18 Nov 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A female leopard released in North Ossetia has adapted to new conditions. 2 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A field survey to search the leopards released in 2020 finished in Ossetia. 24 Aug 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A leopard again camera-trapped in Daghestan. 9 Jan 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A leopard lost in South Ossetian mountains could not be found again. 24 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A leopard's death in Abkhazia under investigation. 23 Mar 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A Persian leopard glimpsed in the Chechen Republic. 9 Feb 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

A wild leopard in Kabardino-Balkaria. 24 Nov 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Agreement on conservation of Caucasian leopard signed in Tskhinval. 16 Apr 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Agura settled down in Ossetia, and news about Volna appeared again. 15 Dec 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Akkiev M.I. and Mokaev A.B. 2006. Leopard (Felidae, Carnivora) in Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Central Caucasus). History and current status. In: Problems of ecology of the mountain areas (ed. Tembotova F.A.), pp. 9-13. Moscow, KMK Press (in Russian, download here)

Aksenova P.V. 2022. On the analysis of epizootic risks related to reintroduction of Persian leopards in the North Caucasus. Veterinarnaya patologiya 1, 80-91 (in Russian, download here)

Alexander Khloponin thanks an Abkhazian man for assistance in returning rare leopard to Caucasian Reserve. 1 Dec 2017. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

All felids will be examined after death of a female leopard. 7 Jan 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Announcement of Press Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of South Ossetia. 13 Apr 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Artek the leopard moved to foothill Adygea. 10 Apr 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Artek the male Persian leopard released into the wild of Caucasian Reserve on 31 August 2018. 1 Sep 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Avoid humans. Leopards come back to the Caucasus. 7 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Baksan the leopard found in North Ossetia. 1 Feb 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Baksan the leopard released into the wild could fall a victim of North Ossetian poachers. 16 Dec 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Bestauty about leopard in South Ossetia: hope he is alive. 24 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Book "The restoration of Persian leopard in the Caucasus" available for download. 3 Sep 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Cases of livestock deaths in Digora canyon cannot be linked to leopards - academician Rozhnov. 18 Oct 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Cat that walks on its own: Elbrus the leopard revived and hides from scientists. 19 Nov 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Caucasian leopards can appear in South Ossetia. 12 Sep 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Caucasian leopards in Alania National Park: predators released in Ossetia. 27 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Caucasian leopards Volna and Elbrus begin to explore Alania National Park. 28 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Chilmas the leopard. A month after release in the Central Caucasus. 23 Aug 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Chistopolova M.D. et al. 2021. Reintroduced Persian leopards and human-made infrastructure facilities in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 21-25 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 74-75 (in English and Russian, download here)

Collar of a female leopard released in Turmon Sanctuary found. 12 Oct 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Collar of Volna the female leopard found. 12 Oct 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Coming back to homeland. 6 Jun 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Confirmation received that no-signal leopard is alive. 28 Oct 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Conservation of the Persian leopard in the world. 31 Aug 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Cooperation within the leopard rehabilitation project in the Caucasus successfully continues. 1 Jun 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Cubs from Sochi center can be released into the wild in 2020. 25 Feb 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Dinnik N.Ya. 1898. Lynx and leopard in the mountains of the West Caucasus. Priroda i okhota 2, 1-9 (in Russian, download here)

Dinnik N.Ya. 1902. Headwaters of Malaya Laba and Mzymta. Tiflis, K.P. Kozlovsky's Press (in Russian, download here)

Dmitry Kobylkin urged for stringent responsibility in investigating circumstances of Persian leopard's death in the Republic of Abkhazia. 7 Feb 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Drama on the hunt: a witness told details of the leopard's death in Abkhazia. 8 Feb 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Dronova N.A. et al. 2015. Restoration of Persian leopard in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 21 (download here)

Elbrus the leopard lost in North Ossetia can be tracked by camera-traps. 7 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Elbrus the leopard lost in South Ossetia could not be found. 24 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Elbrus the leopard thought to be dead may hide in the south of the Caucasus Ridge. 14 Nov 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Ertuev M.M. and Semenov U.A. 2016. Behavioural features of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) during different stages of the estrous cycle. Nature Conservation Research 1, 59-69 (download here)

Exact number of Persian leopard cubs born on June 5, 2018 becomes known. 5 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Experts of Caucasian Reserve proved leopards were innocent of sheep deaths in Kuban. 8 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here) 

Field research of leopard habitats done in South Ossetia. 18 Sep 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Field surveys to search for Elbrus the leopard lost in South Ossetia will be in May. 29 Apr 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Field surveys to search for Elbrus the leopard lost in South Ossetia will be in summer. 27 May 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Field surveys to search for Elbrus the leopard lost in South Ossetia will begin on May 22. 21 May 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

First photographs of Cherry the leopardess after parturition obtained. 13 Jun 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

First vaccinations of cubs in leopard rehabilitation center in the Caucasus. 30 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Five Caucasian leopard cubs will be released in forests of North Ossetia. 28 Apr 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Five leopard cubs to be prepared for release in Caucasian Reserve and Alania National Park. 14 May 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Following the leopard's tracks: personnel of Caucasian Reserve found Artek's resting place. 13 Apr 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Forests of North Ossetia host another leopard released into the wild. 31 Jul 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Four leopards in North Caucasian Federal District tested for preparedness to release into natural wilderness. 22 Jun 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Four leopards under preparation for release into the wild in Sochi. 17 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Gineev A.M. 1983. Conservation issues of the Caucasian leopard. In: Rare mammalian species of the USSR and their conservation (ed. Sokolov V.E.), pp. 96-97. Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences Press (in Russian, download here)

Heptner V.G. and Formozov A.N. 1941. The mammals of Daghestan. In: Reports of the State Zoological Museum of Moscow State University (ed. Filippov N.N.), pp. 3-74. Moscow, KOIZ (in Russian, download here)

Hernandez-Blanco J.A. et al. 2021. Space use and dynamic interaction patterns of Persian leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor) after reintroduction into Western Caucasus. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 6-7 (in English and Russian, download here) 

Hernandez-Blanco J.A. et al. 2021. Space use dynamics of Persian leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor) after reintroduction into Western and Central Caucasus, Russia. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 8-9 (in English and Russian, download here)

Hernandez-Blanco J.A. et al. 2021. Best practices in monitoring of Persian leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor) after reintroduction into the Russian Caucasus. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 10-11 (in English and Russian, download here)

How Persian leopards are prepared for free life. 15 Sep 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Humans are not interesting to leopards, but the opposite is true: the experts' opinion. 22 May 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Implementation of leopard rehabilitation program in the Caucasus. 22 Mar 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Investigation of mortality causes of Persian leopards released into the Caucasus wild finished. 22 Mar 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

July 15 is the Persian Leopard Day. 15 July 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Kharchenko N. et al. 2019. Preliminary assessment of Chvizhepse and Sochi complex for potential recovery of Persian leopards. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 226, 012005 (download here)

Khokhklov A.N. and Khubiev A.B. 2016. On recent distribution and abundance of Persian leopards in Karachaevo-Cherkessia. Proceedings of the 4th Conference “Natural Resources and Ecological Education in the North Caucasus and Adjacent Areas”, Stavropol (in Russian, download here)

Khosta and Laura: 4-month-old cubs from rehabilitation center in the Caucasus got their names. 17 Feb 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Kotov V.A. and Ryabov L.S. 1963. Game and valuable species of foothills and mountains of Krasnodarsky Krai. Trudy Kavkazskogo gosudarstvennogo zapovednika 7, 3-238 (in Russian, download here)

Kovaleva L.S. 1957. Leopard in the North Caucasus. Priroda 4, 116 (in Russian, download here)

Kudaktin A.N. 1985. Leopard in the Caucasus. Okhota i okhotnichie khoziaistvo 11, 16 (in Russian, download here)

Kudaktin A.N. 2002. Lynx and leopard in protected areas of the Caucasus. In: Bulletin of the Scientific Center on Large Carnivore Research in Russian Reserves. Vol. 2. The status of large carnivore populations in Russian reserves (eds. Zheltukhin A.S. and Kochetkov V.V.), pp. 96-103. Moscow, Ministry of Natural Resources (in Russian, download here)

Kudaktin A.N. 2015. Choice of the leopard release place in the Caucasian Reserve. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 25-27 Nov 2015, Moscow, p. 99 (download here)

Kudaktin A.N. 2016. Return of the leopard to the Caucasian mountains. Mordovsky zapovednik 11, 24-26 (in Russian, download here)

Kudaktin A.N. and Trepet S.A. 2008. Perspectives of recovering the leopard population in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference “The Status of Habitats and Game Species in Russia”, 28-29 Feb 2008, Moscow, pp. 123-129 (in Russian, download here)

Leopard Chronicle. 29 Dec 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard Chronicle. 22 Nov 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard family delivered from Kuban to North Ossetia for population recovery. 26 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard flight: Anna Yachmennikova gives interview to Severnaya Ossetia newspaper. 22 Sep 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard killed chamois and did not share with bear. 28 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard monitoring continues in the Central Caucasus. 14 Jan 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard of special importance. 26 Feb 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard rehabilitation program will be included in national project. 21 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard tracks found in Kabardino-Balkaria. 22 Nov 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopard wanted: another predator released in Ossetia "has lost connection". 24 Nov 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards Agunda and Batraz lost in North Ossetia: aerial surveys used to search for predators. 6 Jul 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards born in Institute of Ecology and Evolution released in North Ossetia. 12 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards collared after successful testing. 28 Jul 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards Elbrus and Volna conquer heights of Digora canyon. 11 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards proved innocent of killing calves. 15 Oct 2018. 12 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards released in North Ossetia have been monitored. 6 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards return to Ossetia: Volna is OK, Elbrus not found yet. 14 Jan 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards return to the Caucasus. 10 Dec 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Leopards Volna and Elbrus will be delivered to North Ossetia by airplane. 24 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Lost Elbrus the leopard possibly moved to the southern slope of the Caucasus Ridge. 2 Nov 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Lost leopard: no predator tracks found in South Ossetia. 22 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Lukarevsky V.S. 2023. The concept and methods of forming reproductive clusters by leopards Panthera pardus in the Caucasus. Biosfera 15, 323-332 (in Russian, download here)

Monograph "Monitoring of the Persian leopard and other big cats" available for reading. 1 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Monograph "Monitoring of the Persian leopard and other big cats" published. 24 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Naidenko S.V. et al. 2021. Why it is necessary to analyze pathogen presence in the Persian leopard reintroduction areas in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 28-29 (in English and Russian, download here) 

Nasimovich A. 1941. Leopard in the West Caucasus. Priroda i socialisticheskoe khoziaistvo 8, 260-265 (in Russian, download here)

Newborn leopards of Sochi National Park can be released in Ossetia. 10 Aug 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

New release of Persian leopards in the North Caucasus will take place in August. 13 Jul 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

News about leopards. 17 Nov 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

North Caucasian Federal District recovers its Persian leopard population. 26 Jun 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

North Ossetia opens hotline on rehabilitation of leopard population. 3 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Pair of leopards that arrived to Sochi center from a Swedish zoo learns to hunt. 8 Feb 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Penzikov Yu.A. 1986. The last leopards in Karachaevo-Cherkessia. Priroda 3, 96 (in Russian, download here)

People of Kuban asked to report about Persian leopard tracks. 30 Mar 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian Leopard Day - preparations for a new release. 15 Jul 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopard population can be recovered in the Caucasus in 20 years. 26 Jun 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopard rehabilitation program in the Caucasus needs promotion. 22 Mar 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopard rehabilitation program in the Caucasus in action. 21 Dec 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopards being prepared for release in the Caucasus. 16 Mar 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopards get adapted to Caucasian mountains after release. 1 Sep 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopards got their names. 24 Sep 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopards keep on exploring a mountain country. 14 Oct 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Persian leopards of the Caucasus will get their passports. 24 Mar 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Pkhitikov A.B. et al. 2021. Diet of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) after reintroduction in the Western and Central Caucasus. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 72-73 (in English and Russian, download here)

Poachers killed a leopard in Abkhazia. 5 Feb 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Podcast "Caucasian leopards approach the boundaries of South Ossetia". 14 Nov 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Potential prey of Persian leopards examined in North Ossetia. 8 Jan 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Predator returns home. 11 Sep 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

President of Russian Geographical Society commented on release of Persian leopards in the Caucasus. 21 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Pshegusov R.H. et al. 2021. Application of species distribution modeling in the reintroduction of predatory mammals (on the example of the Persian leopard). Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 20-21 (in English and Russian, download here)

Rare leopards released in mountains of North Ossetia. 27 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Recovery of Caucasian leopard population underway in North Ossetia. 24 Sep 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Red Data Book of the Republic of Adygea. 2012. Part 2. Animals. 2nd edition. Maikop, Department of Natural Resources and Conservation and Adygean State University (in Russian, download here)

Red Data Book of the Republic of Daghestan. 2009. Makhachkala, Ministry of Natural Resources and Conservation (download here)

Rehabilitation of Persian leopard discussed at meeting in RusHydro. 21 Feb 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Release of new leopards planned in North Ossetia. 21 Jan 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Release of three leopards in North Ossetia planned for spring-summer 2020. 10 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Release of three Persian leopards planned in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. 11 Jul 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Release site for leopard release under preparation in North Ossetia. 24 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Restoration of Persian leopard population in the Caucasus. 25 Jan 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Results of monitoring the leopards released in North Ossetia during 3.5 months. 9 Nov 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Results of tracking Chilmas the Persian leopard released in Ossetia in 2023. 29 Feb 2024. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Results of tracking the Persian leopards released in North Ossetia: almost ten months in the wild. 11 May 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Results of tracking the released Persian leopards: five months in the wild. 2 Jan 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Results of tracking the released Persian leopards: two months in the wild. 21 Sep 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Return of leopards to Ossetia. 15 Feb 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Return of the leopard. 19 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Returning home. 27 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2007. Reintroduction of the leopard (Panthera pardus L., 1758) in the Caucasus: molecular genetic aspects. In: Problems of ecology of the mountain areas (eds. Rozhnov V.V. and Tembotova F.A.), pp. 275-278. Moscow, KMK Press (in Russian, download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2011. Application of molecular genetic characteristics for reintroduction of the leopard (Panthera pardus L., 1758) in the Caucasus. Doklady Biological Sciences 437, 97-102 (download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2018. Monitoring of the Persian leopard and other big cats. Moscow, KMK Press (in Russian, download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2018. Recovery of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) in Caucasian Reserve: the release and the first results of animal monitoring. Trudy Kavkazskogo gosudarstvennogo prirodnogo biosfernogo zapovednika 23, 41-49 (in Russian, download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2019. Study and monitoring of big cats in Russia. Moscow, KMK Press (download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2020. The restoration of Persian leopard in the Caucasus (scientific approach). Moscow, KMK Press (in Russian and English, download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2020. MaxEnt modeling for predicting suitable habitats in the North Caucasus (Russian part) for Persian leopard (P. p. ciscaucasica) based on GPS data from collared and released animals. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 56, 1090-1106 (download here)

Rozhnov V.V. et al. 2021. Reintroduction of the Central Asian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in the Caucasus: actual information. Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 84-85 (in English and Russian, download here)

RusHydro recovers leopard population in North Ossetia. 26 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology considered outlooks of leopard rehabilitation center in the Caucasus. 14 Feb 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology told about the fate of leopards released in Ossetia. 20 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Russia's plans to recover rare leopard population in the Caucasus close to failure: poachers and lack of funds to blame. 7 Feb 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists acquitted Sochi leopards suspected in sheep killing. 12 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists clarify fate of Elburs the leopard that moved to South Ossetia. 20 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists found leopard tracks in Caucasian Reserve in Adygea. 1 Mar 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists introduced a geo-information system of leopard monitoring in North Ossetia. 7 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists investigated potential diet of Persian leopards in North Ossetia. 8 Jan 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution participate in field surveys in the Ossetian mountains. 4 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists renew the camera-trap network to monitor leopards in North Ossetia. 2 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists shared unique photo materials of Caucasian leopard hunting in North Ossetia. 27 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists think that Alania National Park is optimal for forming a leopard cluster in Ossetia. 26 Feb 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Scientists will improve habitat quality for leopards in North Ossetia. 15 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Search of Elbrus the lost Persian leopard will be resumed. 8 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Search of lost Caucasian leopard resumed in South Ossetia. 1 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Semenov U. 2002. Tracking the Anatolian leopard in the Western Caucasus. Russian Conservation News 30, 30-31 (download here)

Semenov U.A. and Bobyr G.Ya. 2011. Daily activity and behavior of Persian leopards in enclosures of Sochi National Park. Proceedings of the International Conference “Biological Diversity and Conservation Problems of the Fauna of the Caucasus”, 26-29 Sep 2011, Yerevan, pp. 281-284 (in Russian, download here)

Shadow of Elbrus. 15 Nov 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Sochi center handed over a Persian leopard to Swedish zoo. 13 Apr 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Sochi leopards will be released into the wild next year. 13 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Sochi scientists went out to search for the Persian leopard. 6 Jul 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Some results of tracking the Persian leopards released within the reintroduction program in the Central Caucasus. 3 May 2024. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Some results of tracking the Persian leopard released in North Ossetia: seven months in the wild. 27 Feb 2023. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

South Ossetia has all opportunities for rehabilitation of leopard population. 9 Sep 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

South Ossetia joins the leopard rehabilitation project. 28 Apr 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

South Ossetia ready to host Caucasian leopards. 6 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Spasskaya T. and Saidalieva M. 1982. Leopard in Daghestan. Okhota i okhotnichie khoziaistvo 12, 10 (in Russian, download here)

Special team will search for Elbrus the leopard in South Ossetia. 22 May 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Specialists highly appreciated adaptation of Caucasian leopards to wild conditions in North Ossetia. 16 Mar 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Specialists of the leopard rehabilitation project started to use new monitoring techniques in Ossetia. 2 Jul 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Supplemental feeding will be provided for leopard prey species in Alania National Park. 15 Jun 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Third field survey to search lost Elbrus the leopard finished in South Ossetia. 24 Aug 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Three leopards from Sochi will be released in North Ossetia in 2020. 10 Oct 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Three Persian leopard cubs born in 2018 tagged in leopard rehabilitation center in the Caucasus. 20 Mar 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Three Persian leopards released in North Ossetia. 20 Jul 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Trepet S. et al. 2020. The leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) in the West Caucasus: historical range, experience and perspectives of reintroduction. In: Reports of the Krasnodar regional branch of the Russian Geographical Society, vol. 10 (eds. Chaika I.G. et al.), pp. 290-301. Krasnodar, I. Platonov Press (in Russian, download here)

Trepet S. et al. 2022. Characteristics of adaptations of the reintroduced leopards (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) to natural conditions in the West Caucasus. Trudy Kavkazskogo gosudarstvennogo prirodnogo biosfernogo zapovednika 24, 195-204 (in Russian, download here)

Two cubs born in October sexed. 4 Dec 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two cubs sexed in leopard rehabilitation center in the Caucasus. 4 Dec 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two females simultaneously gave birth to cubs in leopard rehabilitation center in the Caucasus. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two leopard cubs born in Sochi. 4 Aug 2021. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two leopards from Sochi released in North Ossetia. 26 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two Persian leopards released in North Ossetia. 27 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two Persian leopards released into the wild in the Caucasus. 20 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two Persian leopards will be released into the wild. 20 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Two Persian leopards will be released in Caucasian Reserve. 19 Aug 2020. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Unique operation of sperm sampling conducted in leopard rehabilitation center in the Caucasus. 20 Mar 2019. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Unique photographs produced during monitoring of Caucasian leopards released in North Ossetia-Alania. 29 Dec 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Unique return from Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology: two Persian leopards released in North Ossetia. 27 Jul 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Vets sexed five leopard cubs. 30 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Video of a Caucasian leopard released in Ossetia available on the web. 29 Aug 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Volna the leopardess moved to Alagir canyon. 12 Oct 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Volna the released leopard moved to Alagir canyon of North Ossetia. 18 Oct 2018. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Voronin N.E. and Kharchenko N.N. 2016. The issue of leopard reintroduction in the West Caucasus. Lesotekhnicheskii zhurnal 4, 37-48 (in Russian, download here)

Weinberg P.I. et al. 2018. Monitoring of Persian leopard records in the mountains of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Conference “Biological Diversity of the Caucasus and southern Russia”, 6-8 Nov 2018, Makhachkala, pp. 379-381 (in Russian, download here)

Weinberg P.I. et al. 2021. Comparative behavior of released leopards: habitat selection, prey hiding (adaptive feature assessment). Proceedings of the II International Workshop on Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of Large Carnivores, 12-15 Oct 2021, Moscow, pp. 52-53 (in English and Russian, download here)

What is the future of the Persian leopard rehabilitation program in the Caucasus? 8 Jun 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Wild Persian leopards have been recorded in the Caucasus. 24 Feb 2022. News of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (in Russian, link here)

Yachmennikova A. 2018. Cluster identification in predator and human conflict situations (livestock killing by large predators). A guide (in Russian, download here)

Yachmennikova A. 2018. Cluster identification in predator and human conflict situations (livestock killing by large predators). A guide (download here)

Yarovenko Yu. 1999. The issue of leopard conservation in Daghestan. In: Rare mammals of Russia and adjacent areas (ed. Aristov A.A.), pp. 438-441. Moscow, Theriological Society (in Russian, download here)

Yarovenko Yu. 2017. An approximate number and distribution of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus) in Daghestan. Trudy gosudarstvennogo prirodnogo zapovednika “Dagestanskii” 13, 123-129 (in Russian, download here)

Yarovenko Yu. 2017. An expert assessment of abundance and distribution of the Persian (Caucasian) leopard in Daghestan. Vestnik Dagestanskogo nauchnogo centra 64, 16-21 (in Russian, download here)

Yarovenko Yu. and Zazanashvili N. 2016. Recent hard evidence for the occurrence of the leopard, Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Felidae), in the Eastern Greater Caucasus. Zoology in the Middle East 62, 88-90 (link here)

Turkmenistan

Danov R.A. 1985. Life and death of leopards (Panthera pardus L.) in the Aidere area of Syunt-Khasardag Reserve. In: Flora and fauna of the Western Kopetdag (ed. Nechaev N.), pp. 95-99. Ashkhabad, Ilym (in Russian, download here)

Kaczensky P. et al. 2019. Rapid assessments of wildlife in Turkmenistan 2018. NINA Report 1696. Oslo, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (download here)

Lukarevsky V.S. 1988. The diets of leopard (Panthera pardus), striped hyena (Hyena hyena) and wolf (Canis lupus) in south-western Kopetdag. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 67, 310-315 (in Russian, download here)

Lukarevski V.S. 1997. The past, present and future of the North Persian leopard. Russian Conservation News 10, 36-37 (download here)

Lukarevsky V.S. 2001. The leopard, striped hyena and wolf in Turkmenistan. Moscow, Signar (in Russian, download here)

Lukarevsky V. 2003. Saving the Central Asian leopard in Turkmenistan. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 6, 13-15 (download here)

Satunin K.A. 1905. A review of the mammals of the Transcaspian region. Reports of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Geographical Society 25, 1-56 (in Russian, download here)

Türkiye

Akin A. 1991. The status of the leopard in Turkey. International Leopard Studbook 1991, 7-10 (download here)

Albayrak T. et al. 2012. Carnivore and ungulate populations in the Beydaglari Mountains (Antalya, Turkey): border region between Asia and Europe. Polish Journal of Ecology 60, 419-428 (link here)

Anonymous. 1989. Leopards in Turkey. Cat News 10, 8 (download here)

Anonymous. 1989. Anatolian leopard on the brink. Cat News 11, 10 (download here)

Baskaya S. and Bilgili E. 2004. Does the leopard Panthera pardus still exist in the Eastern Karadeniz Mountains of Turkey? Oryx 38, 228-232 (download here)

Baskaya S. et al. 2022. New records of the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes 1856) in Türkiye. European Zoological Journal 89, 991-1001 (download here)

Baytop T. 1973. Neue Beobachtungen über Verbreitung des kleinasiatischen Leoparden (Panthera pardus tulliana) in der Türkei. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 24, 183-184 (in German with English translation, download here)

Bilgin C.C. et al. 2016. First molecular findings for the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) imply an extended range eastwards and a reassessment of subspecies level taxonomy. Proceedings of the 3rd Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Symposium, 31 Aug-1 Sep 2016, Ankara, p. 13 (download here)

Borner M. 1977. Leopards in Western Turkey. Oryx 14, 26-30 (download here)

Can E.Ö. 2004. Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey. Report for the 24th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 29 Nov-3 Dec 2004, Strasbourg, pp. 3-28 (download here)

Corbet G.B. and Morris P.A. 1967. A collection of recent and subfossil mammals from southern Turkey (Asia Minor), including the dormouse Myomimus personatus. Journal of Natural History 4, 561-569 (download here)

Danford C.G. and Alston E.R. 1877. On the mammals of Asia Minor. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 270-282 (download here)

Danford C.G. and Alston E.R. 1880. On the mammals of Asia Minor. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 50-64 (download here)

De Marinis A.M. and Masseti M. 2009. Mammalian fauna of the Termessos National Park, Turkey. ZooKeys 31, 221-228 (download here)

Johnson K. 2003. Status and distribution of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Turkey and the Caucasus Mountains. Endangered Species Update 20, 107-115 (download here)

Karataş A. et al. 2021. Camera trap records confirm the survival of the leopard (Panthera pardus L., 1758) in eastern Turkey (Mammalia: Felidae). Zoology in the Middle East 67, 198-205 (link here)

Kumerloeve H. 1956. Zur Verbreitung des Leoparden (Panthera pardus L.) in Anatolien. Der Zoologische Garten 22, 154-162 (in German with English translation, download here)

Kumerloeve H. 1967. Zur Verbreitung kleinasiatischer Raub- und Huftiere sowie einiger Großnager. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 15, 337-409 (in German with English translation, download here)

Kumerloeve H. 1970. Jagd- und Schutzbestimmungen für Säugetiere in der Türkei. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 18, 79-81 (in German, download here)

Kumerloeve H. 1976. Leoparden, Panthera pardus tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856), in Zentralanatolien. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 24, 46-48 (in German with English translation, download here)

Masseti M. 2000. Wild cats (Mammalia, Carnivora) of Anatolia. With some observations on the former and present occurrence of leopards in south-eastern Turkey and on the Greek island of Samos. Biogeographia 21, 607-618 (download here)

Mendelssohn H. 1990. Anatolian leopard Panthera pardus tulliana. Cat News 12, 4 (download here)

Sari A. et al. 2020. Habitat preference by the Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in north-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Belgian Journal of Zoology 150, 153-168 (download here)

Şekercioğlu Ç.H. et al. 2011. Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biological Conservation 144, 2752-2769 (link here)

Spassov N. et al. 2016. On the status of the leopard in Turkey, again. Cat News 64, 18-21 (download here)

Toyran K. 2018. Noteworthy record of Panthera pardus in Turkey (Carnivora: Felidae). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 27, 7348-7353 (download here)

Ullrich B. and Riffel M. 1993. New evidence for the occurrence of the Anatolian leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856), in western Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 8, 5-14 (link here)

Ünal Y. et al. 2023. New records of the living Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana L., 1758) in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 21, 1043-1059 (download here)

Valenciennes M.A. 1856. Sur une nouvelle espèce de Panthère tuée par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 42, 1035-1039 (in French with English translation, download here)